The UoM Guide to the Harvard
System of Referencing
When
writing a piece of work you will need to refer in your text to material written
or produced by others. This procedure is called citing or quoting references.
Consistency
and accuracy are important to enable readers to identify and locate the
material to which you have referred. The same set of rules should be followed
every time you cite a reference. The system used at the
All statements, opinions, conclusions etc.
taken from another writer’s work should be cited, whether the work is directly quoted,
paraphrased or summarised. In the Harvard System
cited publications are referred to in the text by giving the author’s surname
and the year of publication (see section 1) and are listed in a bibliography at
the end of the text (see section 2).
Sources/authors: the person or organisation shown most
prominently in the source as responsible for the content in its published form
should be given. For anonymous works use ‘Anon’ instead of a name. For certain
kinds of work, e.g. dictionaries or encyclopaedias,
or if an item is the co-operative work of many individuals, none of whom have a
dominant role, e.g. videos or films, the title may be used instead of an
originator or author.
Dates: if an exact
year or date is not known, an approximate date preceded by ‘ca.’ may be
supplied and given in square brackets. If no such approximation is possible,
that should be stated, e.g. [ca.1880] or [no date].
All examples in this are fictitious and any
resemblance to existing works is coincidental.
·
Quotations – as a general rule in the University, if the quote is less than
a line it may be included in the body of the text in quotation marks. Longer
quotations are indented and single-spaced quotation marks are not required. For
citations of particular parts of the document the page numbers etc. may be
given after the year in parentheses.
·
Summaries or paraphrases – give the citation where it occurs naturally or at the end of
the relevant piece of writing.
·
Diagrams, illustrations – should be referenced as though they were a quotation if they
have been taken from a published work.
·
If details of particular parts of a
document are required, e.g. page numbers, they should
be given after the year within the parentheses.
·
Rules for citation in text for printed
documents also apply to electronic documents except
where pagination is absent. If an electronic document does not include
pagination or an equivalent internal referencing system, the extent of the item
may be indicated in terms such as the total number of lines, screens, etc.,
e.g. "[35 lines]" or "[approx. 12 screens]".
Examples
(i) If the author’s name occurs naturally
in the sentence the year is given in parentheses: -
E.g. In a one of his major works, Toussaint (1980, p.84)
argued that we need to take good decisions…
E.g. As
Toussaint (1980, p.84) said, “good decisions need to be taken” and so we…
(ii) If the name does
not occur naturally in the sentence, both name and
year are given in parentheses: -
E.g. A more recent study (Sherlock
2001, p.211) has shown how theory and practical work interact.
E.g. Theory rises out of practice, and
once validated, returns to direct or explain the practice (Sherlock 2001,
p.211).
(iii) When an author has published more than
one cited document in the same year, these are distinguished by adding
lower case letters (a, b, c, etc.) after the year and within the parentheses: -
E.g. John (1972a, p.31) elaborates on…
(iv) If there are two
authors the surnames of both should be given: -
E.g. Bretzel
and Hansel (1895, p.251) have argued that…
(v) If there are more than two authors
the surname of the first author only should be given, followed by et al.: -
E.g. In many rural areas, people have
farms with a total amount of…. (Picket et al. 1928, p.31)
(A full listing of names should appear
in the bibliography.)
(vi) If the work
is anonymous then “Anon” should be used: -
E.g. In an article (Anon 1995, p.69)
it was stated that…
(vii) If it is a reference to a newspaper
article with no author the name of the paper can be used in place of “Anon”:
-
E.g. Lots of travellers
seem to be going to
(You should use the same style in the
bibliography.)
(viii) If
you refer to a source quoted in another source you cite both in the
text: -
E.g. A research by Rosas (1997 cited
Banes 2001, p.98) showed that…
(You should list only the work you
have read, i.e. Jones, in the bibliography.)
(ix) If
you refer to a contributor in a source* you cite just the contributor: -
E.g. Textile industries have been
cited as the cornerstone in this field (Bedford 1958, p.56).
See Section 2 below for an explanation
of how to list contributions (chapters in books, articles in journals, papers
in conference proceeding) in the bibliography.
(x) If you refer to a person who has not
produced a work, or contributed to one, but who is quoted in someone else’s
work it is suggested that you should mention the person’s name and you must
cite the source author: -
E.g. Richard Hammond stressed the part psychology plays in
advertising in an interview with Matthews (2001, p.87).
E.g. “Expressive interfaces will always elicit positive
emotions”, Bob Seagull said in a recent article (Kendall 2003, p.87).
(You should list the work that has
been published, i.e.
·
Taken from: AIA, 1990. Publication
Manual of the Artificial Intelligence Association. 2nd ed. Port-Louis: AIA.
They do not provide recoverable data and so
are not included in the reference list.
Cite personal communications in the text
only. Give initials as well as the surname of the communicator and provide as
exact a date as possible.
E.g. Many designers
do not acknowledge the usability issues. (Personal
communication, May 20, 1994).
At the end of a piece of work, list the
references to documents cited in the text. This list may be called a Bibliography
or more commonly References. Exceptionally you may be asked to list
references not cited in the text but which make an important contribution to
your work. These are usually listed under the heading of Further Reading.
In the Harvard System, the references are
listed in alphabetical order of authors’ names. If you have cited more than one item by a specific author they
should be listed chronologically (earliest first), and by letter (1998a, 2001b)
if more than one item has been published during a specific year.
Whenever possible, elements of a
bibliographical reference should be taken from the title page of the
publication.
Each reference should use the elements and
punctuation given in the following examples for the different types of
published work you may have cited. Underlining is an acceptable alternative to
italics when bibliographies are hand written.
Author’s SURNAME, INITIALS.,
Year of publication. Title. Edition
(if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher.
E.g. MILLER, B.A.
AND SATE, B., 1995. The Mauritian
Diaspora. 2nd ed.
Contributing author’s SURNAME, INITIALS., Year of publication. Title of
contribution. Followed by In: INITIALS. SURNAME, of author or editor of publication followed by ed. or eds.
if relevant. Title of book. Place of
publication: Publisher, Page number(s) of contribution.
E.g. ZIGGY, A.R.,
1985. Social acceptance of
intermarriages. In: B.S. MARIKA, ed. Annual review of Socio-ethnic situation in
Author’s SURNAME, INITIALS.,
Year of publication. Title of article. Title of journal, Volume number and (part number),
Page numbers of contribution.
E.g. MCGIL, W.A., 1997. Approaches
to intelligent information retrieval. Natural
language Processing, 7 (3), 147-168.
Author’s SURNAME, INITIALS.,
(or NEWSPAPER TITLE,) Year of publication. Title of article.
Title of newspaper, Day and month, Page number/s and column number.
E.g. LE MAURICIEN, 1998. Sorting
out the problem. Le mauricien, 4 June, p.28a.
Originator’s SURNAME,
first name or initials, (may be cartographer, surveyor, compiler, editor,
copier, maker, engraver, etc.) year of publication. Title, Scale. (should
be given normally as a ratio) Place of publication: Publisher.
E.g. PERRY, Norton,
1981. Islands surrounding the African continent,
1:8,000,000.
Contributing author’s SURNAME, INITIALS., Year of publication. Title of
contribution. Followed by In: INITIALS.
SURNAME, of editor of proceedings (if applicable) followed by ed. Title of
conference proceedings including date and place of conference. Place of
publication: Publisher, Page numbers of contribution.
E.g. SUTNA, Y., 1989. Media Spaces: the new
way to communicate. In: A.V. GUJADHUR, ed. 9th international online information
meeting, 8-10 August 1989
(E.g. a government
department or other organisation).
NAME OF ISSUING
BODY, Year of publication. Title
of publication. Place of publication: Publisher, Report
Number (where relevant).
E.g. UNESCO, 2004. General information programme and
UNISIST.
Author’s SURNAME, INITIALS.,
Year of publication. Title of thesis. Designation, (and type). Name of institution to which
submitted.
E.g. HENRI, F.S., 2005. The
Mauritian Phrase Structure Grammar. Thesis
(PhD).
ORIGINATOR/SOURCE,
(name of applicant) Year of publication. Title of patent. Series
designation, which may include full date.
E.g. BELIN INC., 1981. Lenses’
cleansing system. European patent
application 88245785 A1. 1994-08-02.
Title, Year. (For films the preferred date is the
year of release in the country of production.) Material
designation. Subsidiary originator. (Optional
but director is preferred, SURNAME in capitals) Production details – place: organisation.
E.g. Star Wars, 1977. Film. Directed by
Georges Lucas.
E.g. Gone
with the wind, 1980. Video.
Programmes and series: the number and title of the episode should normally
be given, as well as the series title, the transmitting organisation
and channel, the full date and time of transmission.
E.g. The
National Assembly, Session 1, The Ministerial Broadcast, 1986. TV, MBC2. 1996 Jan 6.
E.g. News at nine,
2001. Dec 12. 2100 hrs.
Contributions: individual items within a programme should be cited as contributors.
E.g. BUTTS, Tim,
1998. Interview. In: Zurnal en kreol. TV, MBC2. 1998 Feb 12.1900 hrs.
The British Standard BS 5605:1990 does not
include recommendations for electronic sources. The recommendations in this
document follow best practice in referencing electronic resources and where
possible follow the guidance of the British Standard. Reference to web
pages/sites and e-books Author's /Editor's SURNAME, INITIALS.,
Year. Title [online]. (Edition).
Place of publication, Publisher (if ascertainable). Available from: URL
[Accessed Date].
E.g. DUTCH, M.,
2000. Guide to citing references [online]. Réduit, UOM. Available from:
http://www.uom.ac.mu/library/using/guide_to_citing_references.html [Accessed 15 December 2005].
Author's SURNAME, INITIALS.,
Year. Title. Journal Title
[online], volume (issue), location within host.
Available from: URL [Accessed Date].
E.g. NAIL, N.C., 1997. Books and Drawings:
book review of
http://readingss.uom.ac.uk/archive/00000462/
[Accessed 24 June 2005].
Author's SURNAME, INITIALS.,
Day Month Year. Subject of message. Discussion List
[online] Available from: list e-mail address
[Accessed Date].
E.g. DRACK, M.
L., 8 Jan 2004. Re: Excel short courses. new-link
[online]. Available from: dacko@dacksmail.ac.mu
[Accessed 17 Jun 2004].
E.g. JOHANSEN, S.V., 10 Aug 1989. Recommendation of student radio/tv in
English. tfghti
[online]. Available from: tfghti@INTNET.MU
[Accessed 29 Apr 2004].
It should be noted that items may only be
kept on discussion group servers for a short time and hence may not be suitable
for referencing. A local copy could be kept by the author who is giving the
citation, with a note to this effect.
Reference to personal electronic
communications (e-mail)
Sender's SURNAME, INITIALS. (Sender’s e-mail address), Day Month Year. Subject of Message. e-Mail
to Recipient's INITIALS. SURNAME (Recipient’s email address).
e.g. LETTE, D.
(debra-lette@unix.com), 8 Sept 2000. RE: Thesis proposal
and bursaries. E-Mail to P. DOIL (pdoil@uom.ac.mu).
This section refers to CD-ROMs, which are
works in their own right and not bibliographic databases. Author's SURNAME, INITIALS., Year. Title [type of
medium CD-ROM]. (Edition). Place of
publication, Publisher (if ascertainable). Available from:
Supplier/Database
identifier or number (optional) [Accessed Date] (optional).
E.g.
Citation of
unpublished documents. B.S.I. (UTM Campus
Library & VCILT Library 028.7 BRI).
Remember that you
must acknowledge your source every time you refer to someone else's work.
Failure to do so amounts to plagiarism, which is against the University
rules and is a serious offence. When you are copying or downloading material,
you must also ensure that you comply with copyright rules. When
including third party material in theses and dissertations, it is the
responsibility of the individual to ensure the appropriate copyright permission
has been obtained.